Layer-1 blockchains are the muse of the crypto world. These networks deal with all the pieces on their very own: transaction validation, consensus, and record-keeping. Bitcoin and Ethereum are two well-known examples. They don’t depend on another blockchains to operate. On this information, you’ll be taught what Layer-1 means, the way it works, and why it issues.
What Is a Layer-1 Blockchain?
A Layer-1 blockchain is a self-sufficient distributed ledger. It handles all the pieces by itself chain. Transactions, consensus, and safety all occur at this degree. You don’t want another system to make it work.
Bitcoin and Ethereum are probably the most well-known examples. These networks course of transactions straight and preserve their very own information. Every has its personal coin and blockchain protocol. You’ll be able to construct decentralized functions on them, however the base layer stays in management.
Why Are They Referred to as “Layer-1”?
Consider blockchains like a stack of constructing blocks. The underside block is the muse. That’s Layer-1.
It’s known as “Layer-1” as a result of it’s the primary layer of the community. It holds all of the core features: confirming transactions, updating balances, and preserving the system secure. The whole lot else, like apps or sooner instruments, builds on prime of it.
We use layers as a result of it’s onerous to alter the bottom as soon as it’s constructed. As a substitute, builders add layers to improve efficiency with out breaking the core. Layer-2 networks are a great instance of that. They work with Layer-1 however don’t change it.
Why Do We Want Extra Than One Layer?
As a result of Layer-1 can’t do all the pieces without delay. It’s safe and decentralized, however not very quick. And when too many customers flood the community, issues decelerate much more.
Bitcoin, for instance, handles solely about 7 transactions per second. That’s removed from sufficient to satisfy world demand. Visa, compared, processes 1000’s of transactions per second.
To repair this, builders launched different blockchain layers. These layers, like Layer-2 scalability options, run on prime of the bottom chain. They improve scalability by processing extra transactions off-chain after which sending the outcomes again to Layer-1.
This setup retains the system safe and boosts efficiency. It additionally unlocks new options. Quick-paced apps like video games, micropayments, and buying and selling platforms all want velocity. These use circumstances don’t run properly on gradual, foundational layers. That’s why Layer-2 exists—to increase the ability of Layer-1 with out altering its core.
Learn additionally: What Are Layer-0 Blockchains?
How Does a Layer-1 Blockchain Truly Work?
A Layer-1 blockchain processes each transaction from begin to end. Right here’s what occurs:
Step 1: Sending a transaction
Whenever you ship crypto, your pockets creates a digital message. This message is signed utilizing your non-public key. That’s a part of what’s known as an uneven key pair—two linked keys: one non-public, one public.
Your non-public key proves you’re the proprietor. Your public key lets the community confirm your signature with out revealing your non-public data. It’s how the blockchain stays each safe and open.
Your signed transaction is then broadcast to the community. It enters a ready space known as the mempool (reminiscence pool), the place it stays till validators choose it up.
Step 2: Validating the transaction
Validators examine that your transaction follows the foundations. They verify your signature is legitimate. They be sure to have sufficient funds and that you just’re not spending the identical crypto twice.
Totally different blockchains use completely different strategies to validate transactions. Bitcoin makes use of Proof of Work, and Ethereum now makes use of Proof of Stake. However in all circumstances, the community checks every transaction earlier than it strikes ahead.
Block producers usually deal with a number of transactions without delay, bundling them right into a block. In case your transaction is legitimate, it’s able to be added.
Step 3: Including the transaction to the blockchain
As soon as a block is filled with legitimate transactions, it’s proposed to the community. The block goes by means of one last examine. Then, the community provides it to the chain.
Every new block hyperlinks to the final one. That’s what varieties the “chain” in blockchain. The entire course of is safe and everlasting.
On Bitcoin, this occurs each 10 minutes. On Ethereum, it takes about 12 seconds. As soon as your transaction is in a confirmed block, it’s last. Nobody can change it.
Key Options of Layer-1 Blockchains
Decentralization
As a result of the blockchain is a distributed ledger, no single server or authority holds all the ability. As a substitute, 1000’s of computer systems all over the world preserve the community working.
These computer systems are known as nodes. Every one shops a full copy of the blockchain. Collectively, they be certain everybody sees the identical model of the ledger.
Decentralization means nobody can shut the community down. It additionally means you don’t need to belief a intermediary. The foundations are constructed into the code, and each person performs an element in preserving issues honest.
Safety
Safety is certainly one of Layer-1’s largest strengths. As soon as a transaction is confirmed, it’s practically unimaginable to reverse. That’s as a result of the entire community agrees on the information.
Every block is linked with a cryptographic code known as a hash. If somebody tries to alter a previous transaction, it breaks the hyperlink. Different nodes spot the change and reject it.
Proof of Work and Proof of Stake each add extra safety. In Bitcoin, altering historical past would value tens of millions of {dollars} in electrical energy. In Ethereum, an attacker would wish to manage a lot of the staked cash. In each circumstances, it’s simply not well worth the effort.
Scalability (and the Scalability Trilemma)
Scalability means dealing with extra transactions, sooner. And it’s the place many Layer-1s wrestle.
Bitcoin handles about 7 transactions per second. Ethereum manages 15 to 30. That’s not sufficient when tens of millions of customers take part.
Some networks like Solana purpose a lot greater. Beneath splendid circumstances, Solana can course of 50,000 to 65,000 transactions per second. However excessive velocity comes with trade-offs.
This is called the blockchain trilemma: you’ll be able to’t maximize velocity, safety, and decentralization all of sudden. Enhance one, and also you usually weaken the others.
That’s why many Layer-1s keep on with being safe and decentralized. They go away the velocity upgrades to Layer-2 scaling options.
Fashionable Examples of Layer-1 Blockchains
Not all Layer-1s are the identical. Some are gradual and tremendous safe. Others are quick and constructed for speed-hungry apps. Let’s stroll by means of 5 well-known Layer-1 blockchains and what makes every one stand out.
Bitcoin (BTC)
Bitcoin was the primary profitable use of blockchain expertise. It launched in 2009 and kicked off the complete crypto motion. Individuals primarily use it to retailer worth and make peer-to-peer funds.
It runs on Proof of Work, the place miners compete to safe the Bitcoin community. That makes Bitcoin extremely safe, but in addition pretty gradual—it handles about 7 transactions per second, and every block takes round 10 minutes.
Bitcoin operates as its solely layer, with out counting on different networks for safety or validation. That’s why it’s usually known as “digital gold”—nice for holding, not for day by day purchases. Nonetheless, it stays probably the most trusted identify in crypto.
Ethereum (ETH)
Ethereum got here out in 2015 and launched one thing new—good contracts. These let folks construct decentralized apps (dApps) straight on the blockchain.
It began with Proof of Work however switched to Proof of Stake in 2022. That one change reduce Ethereum’s power use by over 99%.
Learn additionally: What Is The Merge?
Ethereum processes about 15–30 transactions per second. It’s not the quickest, and it could actually get expensive throughout busy occasions. However it powers a lot of the crypto apps you’ve heard of—DeFi platforms, NFT marketplaces, and extra. If Bitcoin is digital gold, Ethereum is the complete app retailer.
Solana (SOL)
Solana is constructed for velocity. It launched in 2020 and makes use of a novel combo of Proof of Stake and Proof of Historical past consensus mechanisms. That helps it hit as much as 65,000 transactions per second within the best-case state of affairs.
Transactions are quick and low-cost—we’re speaking fractions of a cent and block occasions below a second. That’s why you see so many video games and NFT tasks popping up on Solana.
Nonetheless, Solana had just a few outages, and working a validator node takes severe {hardware}. However if you need a high-speed blockchain, Solana is a powerful contender.
Cardano (ADA)
Cardano takes a extra cautious strategy. It launched in 2017 and was constructed from the bottom up utilizing educational analysis and peer-reviewed code.
It runs on Ouroboros, a kind of Proof of Stake that’s energy-efficient and safe. Cardano helps good contracts and retains getting upgrades by means of a phased rollout.
It handles dozens of transactions per second proper now, however future upgrades like Hydra purpose to scale that up. Individuals usually select Cardano for socially impactful tasks—like digital IDs and training instruments in creating areas.
Avalanche (AVAX)
Avalanche is a versatile blockchain platform constructed for velocity. It went dwell in 2020 and makes use of a particular sort of Proof of Stake that lets it execute transactions in about one second.
As a substitute of 1 large chain, Avalanche has three: one for property, one for good contracts, and one for coordination. That helps it deal with 1000’s of transactions per second with out getting slowed down.
You’ll be able to even create your individual subnet—principally a mini-blockchain with its personal guidelines. That’s why Avalanche is widespread with builders constructing video games, monetary instruments, and enterprise apps.
Layer-1 vs. Layer-2: What’s the Distinction?
Layer-1 and Layer-2 blockchains work collectively. However they resolve completely different issues. Layer-1 is the bottom. Layer-2 builds on prime of it to enhance velocity, charges, and person expertise.
Let’s break down the distinction throughout 5 key options.
Learn additionally: What Is Layer 2 in Blockchain?
Pace
Layer-1 networks will be gradual. Bitcoin takes about 10 minutes to substantiate a block. Ethereum does it sooner—round 12 seconds—but it surely nonetheless will get congested.
To enhance transaction speeds, builders use blockchain scaling options like Layer-2 networks. These options course of transactions off the principle chain and solely settle the ultimate consequence on Layer-1. Which means near-instant funds usually.
Charges
Layer-1 can get costly. When the community is busy, customers pay extra to get their transaction by means of. On Ethereum, charges can shoot as much as $20, $50, or much more throughout peak demand.
Layer-2 helps with that. It bundles many transactions into one and settles them on the principle chain. That retains charges low—usually only a few cents.
Decentralisation
Layer-1 is often extra decentralized. Hundreds of impartial nodes preserve the community working. That makes it onerous to censor or shut down.
Layer-2 could use fewer nodes or particular operators to spice up efficiency. That may imply barely much less decentralization—however the core safety nonetheless comes from the Layer-1 beneath.
Safety
Layer-1 handles its personal safety. It depends on cryptographic guidelines and a consensus algorithm like Proof of Work or Proof of Stake. As soon as a transaction is confirmed, it’s locked in.
Layer-2 borrows its safety from Layer-1. It sends proof again to the principle chain, which retains everybody trustworthy. But when there’s a bug within the bridge or contract, customers would possibly face some threat.
Use Instances
Layer-1 is your base layer. You employ it for giant transactions, long-term holdings, or something that wants robust safety.
Layer-2 is best for day-to-day stuff. Suppose quick trades, video games, or sending tiny funds. It’s constructed to make crypto smoother and cheaper with out messing with the muse.
Issues of Layer-1 Blockchains
Layer-1 networks are highly effective, however they’re not good. As extra folks use them, three large points preserve exhibiting up: slowdowns, excessive charges, and power use.
Community Congestion
Layer-1 blockchains can solely deal with a lot without delay. The Bitcoin blockchain processes round 7 transactions per second. Ethereum manages between 15 and 30. That’s effective when issues are quiet. However when the community will get busy, all the pieces slows down.
Transactions pile up within the mempool, ready to be included within the subsequent block. That may imply lengthy delays. In some circumstances, a easy switch would possibly take minutes and even hours.
This will get worse throughout market surges, NFT drops, or large DeFi occasions. The community can’t scale quick sufficient to maintain up. That’s why builders began constructing Layer-2 options—to deal with any overflow.
Excessive Transaction Charges
When extra folks wish to use the community, charges go up. It’s a bidding conflict. The very best bidder will get their transaction processed first.
On Ethereum, charges can spike to $50 or extra throughout busy intervals. Even easy duties like sending tokens or minting NFTs can turn out to be too costly for normal customers.
Bitcoin has seen this too. In late 2017, throughout a bull run, common transaction charges jumped above $30. It priced out small customers and pushed them to attend—or use one other community.
Vitality Consumption
Some Layer-1s use a whole lot of power. Bitcoin is the most important instance. Its Proof of Work system depends on 1000’s of miners fixing puzzles. That makes use of extra electrical energy than many international locations.
This setup makes Bitcoin very safe. However it additionally raises environmental considerations. Critics argue that it’s not sustainable long run.
That’s why many more recent blockchains now use Proof of Stake. Ethereum made the change in 2022 and reduce its power use by greater than 99%. Different chains like Solana and Cardano have been constructed to be energy-efficient from day one.
The Way forward for Layer-1 Blockchains
Layer-1 blockchains are getting upgrades. Quick.
Ethereum plans so as to add sharding. It will break up the community into smaller elements to deal with extra transactions without delay. It’s one technique to scale with out shedding safety.
Different tasks are exploring modular designs. Which means letting completely different layers deal with completely different jobs—like one for information, one for execution, and one for safety.
We’re additionally beginning to see extra chains centered on power effectivity. Proof of Stake is turning into the brand new normal because it cuts energy use with out weakening belief.
Layer-1 gained’t disappear – it’ll simply preserve evolving to help greater, sooner, and extra versatile networks. As Layer-1s proceed to evolve, we’ll see extra linked blockchain ecosystems—the place a number of networks work collectively, share information, and develop aspect by aspect.
FAQ
Is Bitcoin a layer-1 blockchain?
Sure. Bitcoin is the unique Layer-1 blockchain. It runs by itself community, makes use of its personal guidelines, and doesn’t depend on another blockchain to operate. All transactions occur straight on the Bitcoin ledger. It’s a base layer—easy, safe, and decentralized. Whereas different instruments just like the Lightning Community construct on prime of it, Bitcoin itself stays on the core as the muse.
What number of Layer 1 blockchains are there?
There’s no actual quantity. New Layer-1s launch on a regular basis.
Why do some Layer-1 blockchains have excessive transaction charges?
Charges rise when demand is excessive. On Layer-1, customers compete to get their transactions included within the subsequent block. That creates a price public sale—whoever pays extra, will get in first. That’s why when the community is congested, gasoline charges spike. Ethereum and Bitcoin each expertise this usually, and restricted throughput and excessive visitors are the principle causes. Newer Layer-1s attempt to preserve charges low with higher scalability.
How do I do know if a crypto undertaking is Layer-1?
Verify if it has its personal blockchain. A Layer-1 undertaking runs its personal community, with impartial nodes, a local token, and a full transaction historical past. It doesn’t depend on one other chain for consensus or safety.
For instance, Bitcoin and Ethereum are Layer-1s. In the meantime, a token constructed on Ethereum (like USDC or Uniswap) just isn’t. It lives on Ethereum’s Layer-1 however doesn’t run by itself.
Can one blockchain be each Layer-1 and Layer-2?
Not precisely, but it surely is dependent upon the way it’s used. A blockchain can act as Layer-1 for its personal community whereas working like a Layer-2 for an additional.
For instance, Polygon has its personal chain (Layer-1), however folks name it Layer-2 as a result of it helps scale Ethereum. Some Polkadot parachains are related—impartial, however linked to a bigger system. It’s all about context.
What occurs if a Layer-1 blockchain stops working?
If that occurs, the complete blockchain community freezes. No new transactions will be processed. Your funds are nonetheless there, however you’ll be able to’t ship or obtain something till the chain comes again on-line.
Solana has had just a few outages like this—and sure, loads of memes have been made due to it. However as of 2025, the community appears far more steady. Most outages get fastened with a patch and a coordinated restart. An entire failure, although, would go away property and apps caught—presumably eternally.
Disclaimer: Please notice that the contents of this text are usually not monetary or investing recommendation. The data supplied on this article is the writer’s opinion solely and shouldn’t be thought-about as providing buying and selling or investing suggestions. We don’t make any warranties in regards to the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this data. The cryptocurrency market suffers from excessive volatility and occasional arbitrary actions. Any investor, dealer, or common crypto customers ought to analysis a number of viewpoints and be aware of all native laws earlier than committing to an funding.
